Key Players in Solid-state battery Development & Manufacturing
24M Technologies
24M Technologies, founded in 2010 in Cambridge, MA, pioneers advanced battery solutions with its SemiSolid™ and ETOP technologies. Serving electric vehicles, energy storage systems, and aerospace, 24M delivers safer, cost-effective, and sustainable energy. Recent expansions include a Thailand facility and partnerships with Kyocera.
8inks
8inks AG, a Swiss ETH Zurich spin-off based in Schlieren, innovates battery manufacturing with its multi-layer electrode coating technology. Focusing on lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, they enhance efficiency and sustainability for electric vehicles, grid storage, and consumer electronics.
A123 Systems
A123 Systems is a pioneering provider of advanced lithium-ion battery technology established in 2001. The company specializes in developing, manufacturing, and integrating battery cells that deliver energy solutions for automotive, energy storage, and specialized industrial applications. With over 1,200 patents and a large R&D team, the company continues to push the boundaries of battery innovation, including the development of its upcoming Semi-and All-Solid-State Battery.
Adden Energy
Adden Energy, a Waltham-based technology company founded by Harvard scientists, specializes in advanced solid-state battery solutions for electric vehicles. Their solid-state design uses lithium-metal anodes and high-nickel NMC cathodes to deliver higher energy density, faster charging, and improved safety. The company is scaling production via a roll-to-roll pilot facility, aiming to enhance the accessibility and sustainability of EV battery technology.
Adena Power
Adena Power, a Nexceris subsidiary in Ohio, develops innovative sodium solid-state batteries that offer safer, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage. Utilizing domestic materials and advanced ceramic expertise, they support the transition to renewable energy solutions.
Albufera Energy Storage
Albufera Energy Storage, founded in 2013 in Madrid, specializes in aluminum-based battery solutions. Its three patents and diverse research projects underline the company’s commitment to providing sustainable, efficient, and safer energy storage technologies. These range from aluminum-ion and aluminum-air to aluminum-solid state batteries, each tailored to meet varying industry demands while minimizing environmental impact.
Ampcera Inc.
Ampcera Inc., founded in 2017 and based in Milpitas, CA, specializes in solid-state battery materials and integrated systems. Utilizing advanced sulfide-based electrolytes, they produce high-energy, safe batteries with up to 400 Wh/kg and rapid charging. Serving over 200 global clients, Ampcera is expanding production to meet growing demand by 2026.
Avesta Battery & Energy Engineering (ABEE)
Avesta Battery & Energy Engineering (ABEE), based in Ninove, Belgium, specializes in advanced lithium-ion and solid-state batteries for automotive and stationary applications. Founded in 2019, ABEE leverages AI and advanced modeling to optimize performance and sustainability across the battery value chain, positioning itself as a key player in the European battery ecosystem through innovative projects and large-scale production.
BASQUEVOLT
Basquevolt, based in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, develops advanced solid-state lithium batteries for electric vehicles, energy storage, and portable devices. Backed by major investors like the Basque Government and Iberdrola, Basquevolt offers safer, higher-density, and sustainable battery solutions.
Blue Current Inc.
Blue Current Inc., based in Hayward, California, develops advanced all-solid-state batteries using silicon elastic composite technology. Their safer, high-energy solutions target electric vehicles, wearables, and mobility applications, aiming to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure reliable energy storage.
Blue Solutions
Blue Solutions, a subsidiary of the Bolloré Group since 1997, specializes in solid-state lithium metal polymer batteries. With over 600 million kilometers powered and advanced GEN4 technology, they provide safe, high-density, and sustainable energy solutions for transportation, aviation, and consumer goods through strategic partnerships and ongoing innovation.
BTRY
BTRY is a Swiss cleantech startup developing solid-state lithium-ion batteries that charge in one minute. Using advanced semiconductor manufacturing and sustainable practices, they provide energy-dense, safe, and efficient storage solutions. Initially targeting IoT, BTRY plans to expand into consumer electronics, robotics, aerospace, and medical sectors.
BYD
BYD Company Ltd., founded in 1995 in Shenzhen, China, is a global leader in electric vehicles and sustainable energy solutions. With nearly 900,000 employees worldwide, BYD specializes in EVs, advanced battery technologies like Blade and Cell-to-Pack, and rail transit systems, leveraging vertical integration for quality and efficiency.
Cerebral Energy
Cerebral Energy LLC, a service-disabled veteran-owned business in Wyoming, specializes in advanced solid-state battery technologies using recycled materials. Their AGILE lithium-free batteries enhance energy efficiency and safety for aerospace and military applications, promoting sustainable energy solutions and domestic independence.
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL)
The contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) is a global pioneer in battery technology, transforming the fields of energy storage and electric vehicles. Founded in 2011 and based in Ningde, China, CATL has emerged as the world’s largest producer of EV batteries. The company is renowned for its innovative approach to battery technology, particularly with its lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries and pioneering cell-to-pack (CTP) manufacturing process. Through continuous innovation and strategic global expansion, CATL is leading the transition to a sustainable future.
Solid-State Battery Technology
Solid-State Batteries (SSBs) represent a notable technological advancement in lithium-ion battery technology, distinguished by the replacement of traditional liquid or gel electrolytes with solid materials. This structural modification is intended to enhance multiple aspects of battery performance.
Key Characteristics of Solid-State Batteries
Solid-State Batteries are characterized by alternative electrolyte (solid-state electrolyte) materials, which can lead to increased energy density, improved safety due to reduced risk of leakage or fire, and the potential for faster charging. Additionally, SSBs can operate at higher voltages and are compatible with lithium metal anodes, further influencing their overall performance.
Classification of Solid-State Batteries by Electrolyte Material
Solid-State Batteries are primarily categorized into three types based on the solid electrolyte material employed:
Oxide Electrolyte Solid-State Batteries (LiOx-concept)
These batteries utilize materials such as Lithium Lanthanum Zirconium Oxide (LLZO), offering good structural stability and safety. While they exhibit lower ionic conductivity compared to some other materials, their high chemical stability and compatibility with lithium metal anodes are notable advantages.
Sulfide Electrolyte Solid-State Batteries
This category encompasses two variations.
- Sulfide Electrolyte with Lithium Anode (LiSu-concept), characterized by high ionic conductivity, suitability for high-power applications, and sensitivity to moisture.
- Sulfide Electrolyte with Silicon Anode (SiSu-concept), which leverages silicon anodes to potentially achieve higher energy densities in conjunction with sulfide electrolytes.
Polymer Electrolyte Solid-State Batteries (LiPo-concept)
Employing materials like Polyethylene Oxide (PEO), these batteries offer design flexibility and are suited for applications requiring lightweight or adaptable formats. However, they typically necessitate higher operating temperatures to ensure sufficient ionic conductivity.
SSB Development Challenges
Current major obstacles to the development of solid-state battery technology include cost, scalability, and the requirement to ensure long-term stability and performance across various environments. Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on addressing these hurdles, with the ultimate goal of fully realizing the potential of SSBs in the application of energy storage solutions. As the field continues to evolve, Solid-State Batteries are likely to play a significant role in shaping the future of this critical technology sector.
Solid-State Battery (SSB) Development
SSBs categorized by their technological focus and market positioning:
| Company | Technology Focus | Key Innovations | Strategic Partners | Projected Commercialization |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toyota | Sulfide-based electrolytes | 750-mile EV range; 10-minute charging; 1,000+ patents | Panasonic | Hybrid EVs by 2025; Full EVs 2027 |
| QuantumScape | Ceramic separators | Anode-less design; Dendrite suppression at 4C charging | Volkswagen | QSE-5 cells in 2026 |
| CATL | Hybrid condensed-state batteries | 500 Wh/kg energy density; Gel-solid electrolyte hybrid | Chinese government initiatives | Small-scale production by 2027 |
| Solid Power | Sulfide electrolytes | Silicon-carbon anodes; 930 Wh/L density | BMW, Ford | 2028 model-year vehicles |
| ProLogium | Oxide ceramic electrolytes | Roll-to-roll manufacturing; 40% cost reduction | Mercedes-Benz | Marseille gigafactory by 2026 |
| WELION | Oxide-based SSBs | Semi-solid transition tech; 577-mile NIO pack integration | NIO, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Deployed in swap stations (2024) |
| LG Energy Solution | LLZO solid electrolytes | Room-temperature operation; 500-cycle durability | UC San Diego | Pilot production by 2026 |
| Factorial Energy | Polymer-based electrolytes | FEST® tech; 600+ mile range; 40% weight reduction | Hyundai, Stellantis | Prototype validation by 2025 |
| Adden Energy | Multilayer architecture | 3D lithium anode; 10-minute charging | Harvard University spinout | EV prototypes by 2026 |
| Samsung SDI | Sulfide electrolytes | Anode-less design; 900 Wh/L density | Automotive OEMs (undisclosed) | Robotics focus from 2027 |
| BYD | Dual-path sulfide/oxide systems | 60% interfacial resistance reduction; <$100/kWh target | Chinese government subsidies | Luxury EVs by 2027 |
| Ilika | Sulfur-based thin-film SSBs | <1mm thickness; 140 Wh/kg for medical IoT | Jaguar Land Rover | Stereax® production in 2025 |
Technology comparison across key players in Solid-State Battery technology
| Electrolyte Type | Advantages | Challenges | Leading Companies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfide | High ionic conductivity (~10 mS/cm) | Sensitivity to moisture; H2S risks | Toyota, Samsung SDI, Solid Power |
| Oxide | Thermal stability >800°C | Brittle interfaces; high resistance | WELION, ProLogium, BYD |
| Polymer | Flexibility; low-cost processing | Low conductivity at room temp | Factorial Energy, Ilika |
| Hybrid (Solid-Gel) | Compatibility with existing lines | Energy density trade-offs | CATL |
